Bachelor, Day 8 - I went to the little girl in the Apiary, refused to give her Big Vlad (not that I like him much, but it's the principle of the thing...), and as soon as I give her her toy, an Executor appears outside the Clot to tell me he's dead. The walkthrough says he gave himself up. Isn't there any way to keep him alive?

There is a way in fact, you may give up Young Vlad instead. Blocking up the Apiary was really his fault and not his father's. The Order (steppe people community) however considers it perfectly right for one family member to take responsibility for other's actions. And Big Vlad too prefers to be punished instead of his son.

Ahhh... but if I give them his son, who is my Adherent... Then I cannot win The reason I'm concerned is that I want to win and keep all the unique people alive... Big Vlad's death is inevitable if I wish to win, right? So will the game penalize me for it?

In Russian patched version and all localisations Young Vlad's death removes him from your Adherents list. So it's for you to decide. But one of them will die, Big Vlad if you don't give up his son (even if you fail to complete the main quest that day).

So Adherents have to contract the plague for it to count against you?

Hm, now that I think about it, Eve Yahn is on my Adherents list though and...
There wasn't a way to save HER, was there? I got the impression playing it that her fate was inevitable, seeing as she did it to herself.