I just killed the Pangolin. Shortly after I heard a voice saying "the time for a Miracle is past, and cannot be rewound" or some such. Did I basically just lose the game? Did I lose the "good" ending? (if there is one) Should I start over and try to get to Ole faster?

No, you haven't lost the game. You mightn't have killed it in the time allotted to you, but the worst that'll come of it is a Brother getting pissed off.

Wait what? By "it" do you meant the Pangolin or something else? (I killed the Pangolin within the allotted 5 turns, although just barely).

The Pangolin, yeah. If you killed it in the allotted time and no Brother is after you, you're fine.

I remember hearing the 'miracle past' whisper. I too want to know if this is significant. What is it in reference to?

I got the feeling that a lot of what I kept hearing from sisters and brothers was just to make me feel like I was doing something wrong and didn't actually mean much more than that.