This database is a precompiled shaders cache. You will find it in Shared Documents/My Games/The Void (or like that) on XP or in Public Documents (for Vista/Windows 7). One possible way to fix it is to backup the files from that folder ("Cache") somewhere and then delete all of its contents.
The game should then compile all the shaders on the run, as soon as you see a new combination of material and a number of light sources. This is going to cause HUGE amount of sudden slowdown, especially at the beginning of the game when you see a lot of new objects with new shaders. However, this should work.
If the problem is solved, I am sure we can give you a full archive of precompiled shaders. AFAIR, we already put them somewhere here:
http://forums.steampowered.com/forums/f ... .php?f=816
Though, I cannot find it now.